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A beer garden (a loan translation from the German ''Biergarten'') is an outdoor area in which beer and local food are served, typically at shared tables. Common entertainments include music, song, and games, enjoyed in an atmosphere of ''Gemütlichkeit''.〔(GEMÜTLICHKEIT, The German Beer Garden Tradition Experiences A Resurgence )〕 Beer gardens originated in Munich, the capital of the German state of Bavaria, in the 19th century, and remain common in Southern Germany. They are usually attached to a beer hall, pub, or restaurant, with a distinction being made between a ''Wirtsgarten'' where only food sold by the venue is allowed〔(Wirtsgarten at Munich Beer Gardens )〕 and a traditional ''Biergarten'' where patrons may also bring their own. Beer garden popularity is increasing worldwide in the 21st century.〔 ==History== It is unknown which Munich brewery opened the first Bavarian ''Biergärten'' as the concept evolved over time, but it was likely one of Munich's big six: Löwenbräu, Hofbräuhaus, Augustinerbräu, Paulaner, Hacker-Pschorr and Spaten.〔 What is known is that they developed in Germany in the then kingdom in the 19th century. Seasonal limitations on when beer could be brewed were already in the Bavarian brewing regulations by 1539; in 1553, Albert V decreed a period from 29 September, the feast of St. Michael, to 23 April, the feast of Saint George, for its production. The cool seasons were chosen to minimize the risk of fire when boiling mashed grain into wort. Numerous conflagrations had occurred, resulting in the prohibition of brewing during the summer months. In response, large breweries dug cellars in the banks of the River Isar to keep their beer cool during storage. "Beer cellars" for consuming beer on premises naturally followed. To further reduce the cellar temperature during the warm seasons, 19th century brewers covered the river banks with gravel and planted chestnut trees for their dense spreading canopies. Soon after that, serving cool beer in a pleasant shaded setting emerged. Simple tables and benches were set up among the trees, creating the popular "beer garden" we know today. Food service followed, aggrieving smaller breweries that found it difficult to compete. They petitioned Maximilian I to forbid it. In compromise, beer gardens allowed their patrons to bring their own food, still common practice. With the advent of widespread lagering in the later 19th century, beer gardens grew more popular than ever. Maximilian's decree is no longer in force, and many beer gardens serve food, usually common Bavarian fare such as ''Radi'' (radish), ''Brezn'' (soft pretzel), ''Obatzda'' (cheese dip), ''halbes Hendl'' (half a grilled chicken), ''Hax'n'' (knuckle of pork), and ''Steckerlfisch'' (grilled fish). Equally important to the beer garden is an atmosphere of ''Gemütlichkeit'',〔 conveying a feeling of warmth, friendliness, and belonging. Reinforced by shared tables, it is often accompanied by music, song, and fellowship among strangers. This is so integral to beer garden culture that the ''Bayerische Biergartenverordnung'' (Bavarian beer garden ordinance) of 1999 permits traditional tree shaded venues that allow their patrons to bring their own food to close later and exceed noise limits otherwise in force.〔Bavarian Minister of the Environment and Health: ''(Bayerische Biergartenverordnung von 1999 ) (Bavarian beer garden decree of 1999)'' (German)〕 Beyond this, the term ''Biergarten'' is not restricted, and anyone can call any kind of open-air restaurant by that name, though purists distinguish between a ''Wirtsgarten''〔 where only the brewery's food is sold (such as the outdoor tables at the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl)〔(Hofbräuhaus at Munich Beer Gardens )〕 and a ''Biergarten'' where patrons may bring their own. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「beer garden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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